{"id":1274,"date":"2024-11-08T16:56:48","date_gmt":"2024-11-08T08:56:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sunvoltbat.com\/?p=1274"},"modified":"2024-11-08T16:56:50","modified_gmt":"2024-11-08T08:56:50","slug":"battery-building-blocks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sunvoltbat.com\/pt\/battery-building-blocks.html\/","title":{"rendered":"Blocos de constru\u00e7\u00e3o de baterias"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uma pilha eletroqu\u00edmica \u00e9 constitu\u00edda por um c\u00e1todo, um \u00e2nodo e um eletr\u00f3lito que actua como catalisador. Durante o carregamento, forma-se uma acumula\u00e7\u00e3o de i\u00f5es positivos na interface c\u00e1todo\/eletr\u00f3lito. Isto leva a que os electr\u00f5es se movam em dire\u00e7\u00e3o ao c\u00e1todo, criando um potencial de tens\u00e3o entre o c\u00e1todo e o \u00e2nodo. A liberta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 efectuada atrav\u00e9s da passagem de uma corrente do c\u00e1todo positivo para o \u00e2nodo negativo, atrav\u00e9s de uma carga externa. Com a carga, a corrente flui na dire\u00e7\u00e3o oposta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uma pilha tem duas vias distintas; uma \u00e9 o circuito el\u00e9trico atrav\u00e9s do qual os electr\u00f5es fluem, alimentando a carga, e a outra \u00e9 a via atrav\u00e9s da qual os i\u00f5es se movem entre os el\u00e9ctrodos, atrav\u00e9s do separador que actua como isolador dos electr\u00f5es. Os i\u00f5es s\u00e3o \u00e1tomos que perderam ou ganharam electr\u00f5es e ficaram eletricamente carregados. O separador isola eletricamente os el\u00e9ctrodos, mas permite o movimento dos i\u00f5es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00c2nodo e c\u00e1todo<\/strong><br>O el\u00e9trodo de uma pilha que liberta electr\u00f5es durante a descarga \u00e9 designado por \u00e2nodo; o el\u00e9trodo que absorve os electr\u00f5es \u00e9 o c\u00e1todo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O \u00e2nodo da bateria \u00e9 sempre negativo e o c\u00e1todo positivo. Isto parece violar a conven\u00e7\u00e3o, uma vez que o \u00e2nodo \u00e9 o terminal para o qual a corrente flui. Um tubo de v\u00e1cuo, um d\u00edodo ou uma pilha em carga seguem esta ordem; no entanto, retirar energia de uma pilha em descarga torna o \u00e2nodo negativo. Uma vez que a pilha \u00e9 um dispositivo de armazenamento el\u00e9trico que fornece energia, o \u00e2nodo da pilha \u00e9 sempre negativo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O \u00e2nodo do i\u00e3o de l\u00edtio \u00e9 o carbono (ver BU-204: Como funcionam as baterias de l\u00edtio?), mas a ordem \u00e9 invertida nas baterias de l\u00edtio-metal. Aqui o c\u00e1todo \u00e9 carbono e o \u00e2nodo \u00e9 l\u00edtio met\u00e1lico. (Ver BU-212: Baterias do futuro) Com poucas excep\u00e7\u00f5es, as baterias de l\u00edtio-metal n\u00e3o s\u00e3o recarreg\u00e1veis.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"131\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sunvoltbat.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1275\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Figura 1: S\u00edmbolo da bateria.<\/strong><br>O c\u00e1todo de uma pilha \u00e9 positivo e o \u00e2nodo \u00e9 negativo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Quadros 2a, b, c e d<\/strong>&nbsp;Resumir a composi\u00e7\u00e3o das pilhas secund\u00e1rias \u00e0 base de chumbo, n\u00edquel e l\u00edtio, incluindo as pilhas alcalinas prim\u00e1rias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u00c1cido de chumbo<\/th><th>C\u00e1todo (positivo)<\/th><th>\u00c2nodo (negativo)<\/th><th>Eletr\u00f3lito<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Material<\/strong><\/td><td>Di\u00f3xido de chumbo (castanho chocolate)<\/td><td>Chumbo cinzento, (esponjoso quando formado)<\/td><td>\u00c1cido sulf\u00farico<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Carga completa<\/strong><\/td><td>\u00d3xido de chumbo (PbO<sub>2<\/sub>), electr\u00f5es<br>adicionado \u00e0 placa positiva<\/td><td>Chumbo (Pb), electr\u00f5es retirados da placa<\/td><td>\u00c1cido sulf\u00farico forte<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Apagado<\/strong><\/td><td colspan=\"2\">O chumbo transforma-se em sulfato de chumbo no el\u00e9trodo negativo, os electr\u00f5es s\u00e3o conduzidos da placa positiva para a placa negativa.<\/td><td>\u00c1cido sulf\u00farico fraco (semelhante \u00e0 \u00e1gua)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tabela 2a: Composi\u00e7\u00e3o do \u00e1cido de chumbo.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>NiMH, NiCd<\/th><th>C\u00e1todo (positivo)<\/th><th>\u00c2nodo (negativo)<\/th><th>Eletr\u00f3lito<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Material<\/strong><\/td><td>Oxi-hidr\u00f3xido de n\u00edquel<\/td><td>NiMH: liga de absor\u00e7\u00e3o de hidrog\u00e9nio<br>NiCd: C\u00e1dmio<\/td><td>Hidr\u00f3xido de pot\u00e1ssio<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tabela 2b: Composi\u00e7\u00e3o de NiMH e NiCd.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>I\u00f5es de l\u00edtio<\/th><th>C\u00e1todo (positivo)<br>em folha de alum\u00ednio<\/th><th>\u00c2nodo (negativo)<br>em folha de cobre<\/th><th>Eletr\u00f3lito<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Material<\/strong><\/td><td>\u00d3xidos met\u00e1licos derivados de cobalto, n\u00edquel, mangan\u00eas, ferro, alum\u00ednio<\/td><td>\u00c0 base de carbono<\/td><td rowspan=\"3\">Sal de l\u00edtio num solvente org\u00e2nico<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Carga completa<\/strong><\/td><td>\u00d3xido met\u00e1lico com estrutura de intercala\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Os i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio migraram para o \u00e2nodo.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Apagado<\/strong><\/td><td>Os i\u00f5es de l\u00edtio voltam para o el\u00e9trodo positivo<\/td><td>Principalmente carbono<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Quadro 2c: Composi\u00e7\u00e3o do i\u00e3o de l\u00edtio.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Alcalino<\/th><th>C\u00e1todo (positivo)<\/th><th>\u00c2nodo (negativo)<\/th><th>Eletr\u00f3lito<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Material<\/strong><\/td><td>Di\u00f3xido de mangan\u00eas<\/td><td>Zinco<\/td><td>Alcalino aquoso<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tabela 2d: Composi\u00e7\u00e3o da pilha alcalina prim\u00e1ria.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O fluxo de i\u00f5es \u00e9 poss\u00edvel com um ativador chamado eletr\u00f3lito. Num sistema de bateria inundada, o eletr\u00f3lito move-se livremente entre os el\u00e9ctrodos inseridos; numa c\u00e9lula selada, o eletr\u00f3lito \u00e9 normalmente adicionado ao separador numa forma humedecida. O separador separa o \u00e2nodo do c\u00e1todo, formando um isolador para os electr\u00f5es mas permitindo a passagem dos i\u00f5es. (Ver BU-306: Separador e BU-307: Eletr\u00f3lito)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Uma pilha eletroqu\u00edmica \u00e9 constitu\u00edda por um c\u00e1todo, um \u00e2nodo e um eletr\u00f3lito que actua como catalisador. Durante o carregamento, forma-se uma acumula\u00e7\u00e3o de i\u00f5es positivos na interface c\u00e1todo\/eletr\u00f3lito. Isto leva a que os electr\u00f5es se movam em dire\u00e7\u00e3o ao c\u00e1todo, criando um potencial de tens\u00e3o entre o c\u00e1todo e o \u00e2nodo. A liberta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 feita por uma corrente passante do c\u00e1todo positivo atrav\u00e9s [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1135,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"themepark_post_bcolor":"#f5f5f5","themepark_post_width":"1022px","themepark_post_img":"","themepark_post_img_po":"left","themepark_post_img_re":false,"themepark_post_img_cover":false,"themepark_post_img_fixed":false,"themepark_post_hide_title":false,"themepark_post_main_b":"","themepark_post_main_p":100,"themepark_paddingblock":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-battery-knowledge"],"metadata":{"_edit_lock":["1731292800:1"],"wp_statistics_words_count":["477"],"om_disable_all_campaigns":[""],"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":[""],"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":[""],"themepark_post_img":[""],"themepark_post_img_re":[""],"themepark_post_img_cover":[""],"themepark_post_img_fixed":[""],"themepark_post_hide_title":[""],"themepark_paddingblock":[""],"footnotes":[""],"_edit_last":["1"],"_aioseo_title":[null],"_aioseo_description":[null],"_aioseo_keywords":["a:0:{}"],"_aioseo_og_title":[null],"_aioseo_og_description":[null],"_aioseo_og_article_section":[""],"_aioseo_og_article_tags":["a:0:{}"],"_aioseo_twitter_title":[null],"_aioseo_twitter_description":[null],"catce":["sidebar-widgets4"],"_thumbnail_id":["1135"],"views":["3353"],"rank_math_title":[""],"rank_math_description":[""],"rank_math_canonical_url":[""],"rank_math_facebook_title":[""],"rank_math_facebook_description":[""],"rank_math_facebook_image":[""],"rank_math_twitter_title":[""],"rank_math_twitter_description":[""],"rank_math_twitter_image":[""],"rank_math_twitter_use_facebook":["off"]},"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"An electrochemical battery consists of a cathode, an anode and electrolyte that act as a catalyst. 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